Momentum International Journal of Civil Engineering (MIJCE)
This journal covers topics on sustainability, eco-friendly construction, green infrastructure, and resilient civil engineering technologies.
Marasofi International Media and Publishing (MIMP)
All articles published in this journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). This license allows others to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially As long as appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Performance Evaluation of Concrete Incorporating Roof Tile Waste as Coarse Aggregate Replacement and Fosroc Conplast WP421 Admixture
The increasing demand for concrete in construction has encouraged the exploration of sustainable materials to reduce the consumption of natural resources and utilize construction waste. Roof tile waste has potential as a partial substitute for coarse aggregate, while chemical admixtures such as Fosroc Conplast WP421 can improve concrete workability and performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of roof tile waste and Fosroc Conplast WP421 on the workability and compressive strength of concrete. An experimental laboratory method was employed using cylindrical concrete specimens with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 300 mm. Fosroc Conplast WP421 was added at 1.3% of cement weight, while roof tile waste was used as a 30% replacement for coarse aggregate. Slump tests and compressive strength tests were conducted at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results indicated that the addition of Fosroc Conplast WP421 increased the slump value from 13.5 cm in normal concrete to 18.0 cm in concrete containing 30% roof tile waste. The highest compressive strength at 28 days was obtained by concrete containing 1.3% Fosroc Conplast WP421 without roof tile waste, reaching 39.65 MPa, while the mixture with 30% roof tile waste achieved 37.73 MPa. It can be concluded that Fosroc Conplast WP421 improved concrete workability and maintained satisfactory compressive strength. Further studies are recommended to investigate different replacement ratios and long-term durability performance. The findings contribute to the development of more sustainable concrete materials through waste utilization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agyanata Tua Munthe, Romadhon, Syafwandi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Actual Operation and Maintenance Cost Requirements (AKNOP) for the Cikahuripan Irrigation Network in Sukabumi Regency
The Cikahuripan Irrigation Area in Sukabumi Regency plays an important role in supporting agricultural productivity, particularly rice cultivation. However, the irrigation network has experienced functional degradation due to sediment accumulation, erosion, and malfunctioning water control structures, resulting in suboptimal water distribution. This study aims to determine the Actual Operation and Maintenance Cost Requirement (AKNOP) and identify priority maintenance activities needed to restore irrigation performance. The research employed an observational method through field inspections, inventory surveys, and analysis of irrigation infrastructure conditions. Primary and secondary data were collected from relevant agencies and direct observations. The AKNOP calculation was carried out by identifying operation and maintenance activities, determining work volumes, and estimating costs based on applicable unit price analyses. The results showed that the total AKNOP for the Cikahuripan Irrigation Network was Rp. 493,240,000, consisting of operation costs of Rp. 132,302,800 (30%), routine maintenance costs of Rp. 293,306,813 (65%), and periodic maintenance costs of Rp. 22,731,003 (5%). The study concludes that routine maintenance activities constitute the largest expenditure due to the extensive deterioration of irrigation facilities. It is recommended that responsible agencies prioritize sediment removal, vegetation control, and repair of damaged structures. The findings provide a practical basis for budgeting and improving irrigation management to support sustainable agricultural productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cece Suhendi, Ardin Rozandi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Subsurface Characterization Using Cone Penetration Test Data for Pile Group Performance Evaluation
Subsurface characterization plays a critical role in foundation planning, particularly in areas with weak soil conditions where accurate assessment of soil behavior is required to ensure structural stability. This study aims to evaluate the influence of pile group configuration on pile efficiency and bearing capacity using Cone Penetration Test (CPT) data as the primary source of subsurface information. The research employed a quantitative analytical approach based on CPT-derived soil parameters, where single-pile capacity was calculated using the Direct Method and group-pile capacity was determined through pile efficiency factors. Several pile group configurations consisting of three and four piles were modeled and compared to identify the most effective arrangement. The results indicate that pile group configuration significantly affects pile efficiency and overall bearing capacity. Configurations with higher efficiency factors produced greater allowable group capacities, demonstrating a direct relationship between pile arrangement and foundation performance. The highest efficiency values reached 0.861 for three-pile configurations and 0.844 for four-pile configurations, resulting in improved bearing capacities compared with conventional arrangements. These findings highlight the importance of integrating CPT-based subsurface characterization into foundation design and engineering surveying practices. It is recommended that pile group layouts be optimized during the planning stage to maximize load-bearing performance and minimize potential settlement. The study contributes to geotechnical surveying applications by demonstrating the value of CPT data in supporting evidence-based foundation design decisions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nguyen QH Qh, Nam Nguyễn, Chieu Vu Dinh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bearing Capacity Analysis of Pile Foundations Using CPT and SPT Data: A Comparative Study of Meyerhof and Schmertmann Methods
Accurate estimation of pile foundation bearing capacity is essential for ensuring the safety, serviceability, and cost-effectiveness of geotechnical structures. Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data are widely used for evaluating pile performance; however, differences among empirical prediction methods may lead to variations in design capacity. This study aims to compare the bearing capacity of single and group pile foundations estimated using the Meyerhof and Schmertmann methods based on CPT and SPT datasets. The analysis was conducted on reinforced concrete piles with a diameter of 0.80 m and an embedded depth of 16 m. Single-pile capacities were calculated using both methods, while group pile performance was evaluated using the Converse–Labarre efficiency approach. The results indicate that the Meyerhof method consistently produced higher allowable pile capacities than the Schmertmann method. For CPT-based analysis, allowable capacities ranged from 261.26 to 318.10 tons, whereas SPT-based analysis yielded capacities between 445.94 and 458.20 tons. Group pile capacities were estimated at 792.12 tons and 1352.09 tons based on CPT and SPT data, respectively. The findings suggest that the Meyerhof approach provides more conservative design flexibility for large-diameter piles. The study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate interpretation methods and integrating multiple site investigation techniques to improve the reliability of pile foundation design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shubham Satyam, Subham Kumar Rai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Concentric Steel Bracing: A Review of Research from 1990 to 2023
This article offers an extensive review of research conducted between 1990 and 2023 on reinforced concrete (RC) frames retrofitted with concentric steel bracing systems, emphasizing their seismic performance, design strategies, and retrofitting efficacy. Different bracing configurations, including X-type, V-type, diagonal, inverted V-type, and knee bracing are assessed regarding energy dissipation, ductility, overstrength factors (R), stiffness, and failure mechanisms, as demonstrated through experimental and numerical studies. Significant findings underscore the importance of buckling-restrained braces (BRBs), post-tensioned systems, and self-centering cable braces in enhancing lateral load capacity, minimizing displacements, and boosting seismic resilience. The review also investigates pushover analyses to evaluate failure modes (such as weak-beam/strong-column mechanisms) and the effects of retrofitting on existing buildings. Design methods, including elastic steel frames and optimization of shear capacity, are thoroughly compared. Notable gaps in current methodologies, such as the necessity for standardized quantification of the R-factor and performance-based design protocols, are highlighted. Drawing on over three decades of research, this paper concludes with recommendations for the future, stressing the importance of advanced materials, hybrid systems, and AI-driven modeling to enhance concentric braced RC frames in response to emerging seismic challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Birendra Kumar Bohara, Prasenjit Saha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Green Maritime Corridor Development: Infrastructure Performance andEco-Efficient Design Strategies toward IMO 2050 Decarbonization
Maritime transport's contribution of approximately 3% to global CO2 emissions necessitates urgent infrastructure transformation to achieve the International Maritime Organization's 2050 net-zero targets. This research develops a comprehensive Green Maritime Corridor framework integrating coastal infrastructure planning, alternative fuel bunkering networks, and emission control zones through evidence-based spatial optimization methodologies. Employing qualitative analysis incorporating perspectives from maritime engineers, environmental specialists, and logistics operators, this study identifies critical infrastructure requirements, technological readiness levels, and implementation barriers constraining decarbonization progress. The framework synthesizes transportation engineering principles with environmental sustainability imperatives, demonstrating how strategic corridor development can simultaneously reduce maritime emissions while enhancing operational efficiency and economic competitiveness. Findings reveal significant gaps in current infrastructure planning approaches, particularly regarding alternative fuel supply chain coordination and regulatory harmonization mechanisms. The research contributes actionable implementation pathways for maritime stakeholders globally, offering evidence-based strategies for accelerating shipping decarbonization aligned with Paris Agreement commitments and SDG 13 (Climate Action), while maintaining maritime transport's essential role in global trade through technologically advanced, environmentally responsible infrastructure systems.
Green maritime corridors, shipping decarbonization, alternative fuel infrastructure, emission control zones, sustainable maritime transport
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramadhan Hasri Harahap, M. Anang Jatmiko, A. Nurfajri Irwan, Ikhwanuddin, Giovanni Battista Puteri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Smart Port–City Integration Framework for Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Coastal Infrastructure
Coastal port cities face unprecedented challenges from climate change, urbanization pressures, and maritime traffic intensification, threatening both urban sustainability and maritime operational efficiency. This research develops a comprehensive Smart Port-City Integration Framework employing GIS-based spatial analysis and predictive modeling to address sea-level rise adaptation, traffic congestion mitigation, and land-use optimization. Through qualitative analysis incorporating perspectives from urban planning experts, maritime infrastructure specialists, and port authority administrators, this study identifies critical integration strategies balancing environmental resilience with economic vitality. The framework synthesizes civil engineering principles with sustainable urban planning methodologies, demonstrating how coastal cities can transform port-urban interfaces into climate-adaptive, economically productive, and socially equitable spaces. Findings reveal significant gaps in current planning approaches, particularly regarding climate risk assessment integration and stakeholder coordination mechanisms. The research contributes practical implementation pathways for port cities globally, offering evidence-based strategies for sustainable coastal development aligned with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), while enhancing maritime competitiveness through intelligent infrastructure design and resilient spatial planning frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 R.Herlan Guntoro, Giovanni Battista Puteri, Aditya Rinaldi, Yayu Nopriani Martha, Aji Permana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings strengthened with concentric steel bracing systems have been widely investigated as an effective strategy for enhancing seismic resistance in both existing and newly designed structures. However, existing studies are dispersed across various bracing configurations, design methodologies, and performance evaluation approaches, making it difficult to establish a comprehensive understanding of their seismic behavior. This study presents a systematic review of approximately 75 published studies from 1990 to 2023 retrieved from major scientific databases including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The reviewed literature was screened based on relevance to concentric steel-braced RC frames, seismic retrofitting, structural design, and seismic performance assessment. The findings indicate that X-bracing, Chevron bracing, and Buckling-Restrained Braces (BRBs) significantly improve lateral stiffness, energy dissipation capacity, ductility, and overall seismic performance. Experimental and numerical studies consistently report substantial reductions in inter-story drift and enhanced structural resilience under seismic loading. Recent developments involving performance-based seismic design, self-centering systems, hysteretic dampers, and computational optimization techniques have further expanded the applicability of braced RC systems. Nevertheless, challenges remain regarding standardized response modification factor evaluation, performance-based design implementation, and high-rise applications. The review highlights current research trends, identifies critical knowledge gaps, and provides recommendations for future investigations involving advanced materials, hybrid systems, and artificial intelligence-based structural optimization.
Optimizing Base Shear Contributions in Steel-Braced RC Frames for Improved Seismic Performance
This study investigates the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames retrofitted with V-shaped steel bracing through a comparative analysis using Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA). A total of 24 models, 12 braced and 12 unbraced, were analyzed for 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-story buildings, considering three base shear contributions (25%, 50%, and 75%) in columns observed. Key seismic parameters, including fundamental time period (FTP), top-story displacements, inter-story drift (ISD), base shear, and stiffness, were evaluated. Results demonstrate that V-bracing significantly improves seismic performance in low- to mid-rise buildings by reducing FTP (up to 76%), displacements (up to 72%), and ISD while increasing base shear demand (up to 59%) and structural stiffness. Higher base shear contributions in columns (e.g., 75%) led to increased displacements and reduced base shear, indicating a trade-off between column and bracing resistance. The findings highlight the effectiveness of steel bracing in retrofitting RC structures, with optimal performance observed when bracing resists a larger share of lateral forces. This study provides insights for seismic design and retrofitting strategies, emphasizing the role of dual systems in enhancing earthquake resilience. Further nonlinear analysis is recommended to explore post-yield behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Birendra Kumar Bohara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Seismic Analysis of Fixed and Isolated Base RC Bare Frames with Plan Irregularity under Equivalent Static Loads
This study presents a comparative evaluation of the seismic response of mid-rise (G+4) reinforced concrete (RC) bare frame structures featuring plan irregularities, specifically L, I, and T-shaped configurations under fixed base and base-isolated conditions. These irregularities, typical in public buildings, lead to asymmetrical mass and stiffness distributions, affecting seismic performance. Six models were developed and analyzed using the Equivalent Static Method (ESM), with key parameters including base shear, storey drift, top-storey displacement, and fundamental time period. The results show that base isolation using rubber bearings effectively reduces base shear by 15-18%, although it increases overall system flexibility. Isolated models exhibited 44-45% higher top-storey displacements and 108-115% greater storey drifts compared to fixed-base counterparts. The fundamental time period also increased by approximately 40%, indicating enhanced energy dissipation and reduced structural stiffness. Among the plan configurations, I-shaped models experienced the highest base shear, while T-shaped structures performed best in terms of seismic efficiency. Despite excluding masonry infill and soil-structure interaction, the findings highlight the potential of base isolation to significantly enhance the seismic resilience of irregular RC buildings. The study recommends integrating base isolation in the design of geometrically irregular public buildings, particularly in high seismic zones, to improve safety and performance under earthquake loading.
Copyright (c) 2026 Crimsan Singh Negi, Dhiraj Pant (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Investment Analysis of Excavator in Sand Mining on the Slopes of Mount Merapi
The definition of mining and quarrying is constructed as an activity that includes research, management, and exploitation. Sand mining is part of non-metal mining business activities that aim to produce its associated minerals. This study aims to determine the results of the evaluation of the feasibility of heavy equipment investment in Excavators based on calculations using the NPV (Net Present Value), IRR (Internal Rate of Return), BEP (Break Event Point) and PP (Payback Period). This research was conducted surveys, observations and interviews to obtain data. The results of this study Investment in the procurement of heavy equipment Excavator is feasible to run because the Net Present Value (NPV) value is positive (+) which means it is good and acceptable while the resulting NPV value is Rp1,944,640,086.47. Then analyze the calculation of the feasibility of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) obtained 26%. Thus IRR> MARR = 26%> 15.5% or according to the calculation of IRR this investment is RIGHT to run. Furthermore, from the analysis of the calculation of the Break Even Point (BEP), the calculation results obtained are 5.2153 years or BEP occurs when the break-even point occurs when PM - PK = Rp 5.006.705.873. In the Payback Period (PP) research, the investment turning point occurred in year 5.6856 at a value of Rp 4.009.690.743,31. It can be interpreted that for investment within a period of 10 years is FAIR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cahyo Dita Saputro, Rizal Setiawan, Dwi Kurniati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Steel Brace Connection with Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure: A Review
Steel bracing is widely used in reinforced concrete (RC) structures to enhance their lateral load resistance and seismic performance. This review paper compiles and examines various experimental and numerical studies on steel bracing systems and their connection details with RC frames. Three primary types of brace-to-frame connections were analysed, focusing on their effects on structural parameters such as crack patterns, response modification factor (R factor), overstrength, and stiffness. The studies show that while the X-bracing configuration has been extensively examined, other bracing types require further investigation, particularly regarding their connection behaviour and performance. Observations highlight that bracing significantly reduces inter-story drift, displacement, and natural period while increasing base shear capacity. However, the effectiveness of the bracing system largely depends on the type and strength of the connection between the steel braces and RC elements. Issues such as hinge formation near brace connections, shifting of plastic hinges, and localized failures in beams and columns demand further exploration. Additionally, experimental studies reveal that inadequate connections can lead to premature failure, while well-designed connections improve strength, energy dissipation, and ductility. This review emphasizes the urgent need for developing standardized, simple, and effective connection detailing for both new construction and retrofitting purposes. Future research should focus on optimizing the design of brace connections in various configurations, quantifying overstrength factors and stiffness ratios, and extending the study to diverse bracing types beyond the commonly studied X-bracing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Birendra Kumar Bohara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Glass Bottle Waste and Granite Waste as Coarse Aggregate Substitutes on the Compressive Strength of Normal Concrete
The increase in waste from construction and daily human activities has raised environmental concerns, particularly the disposal of non-biodegradable materials such as glass and granite. This study investigates the potential use of glass bottle waste and granite waste as partial substitutes for coarse aggregates in normal concrete. The objective is to evaluate their influence on the compressive strength of concrete with a target strength of 20 MPa. Experimental tests were conducted using cylindrical specimens (15 cm × 30 cm), incorporating 3% glass waste and varying granite waste contents (3%, 5%, 8%, and 10%). A total of 45 specimens were tested at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results show that the highest compressive strength of 25.20 MPa was achieved with 3% glass and 3% granite waste, surpassing the design strength. However, increasing granite content beyond 3% led to a gradual strength reduction. The findings indicate that limited substitution of both wastes is feasible without compromising structural performance. Future research should optimize mix design parameters to improve efficiency and explore higher substitution levels for environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arif Rahman Hakim, Agyanata Tua Munthe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Torsional Irregularity Control in Irregular Plan RC Buildings through Optimized Shear Wall Placement: A Parametric Study
Irregular buildings, particularly those with L-shaped plans, are more vulnerable during seismic events due to their asymmetric geometry and torsional irregularity. This study investigates the seismic performance of L-shaped reinforced concrete (RC) structures with various shear wall configurations under lateral loading. A total of 12 L-shaped six-story building models were analyzed using ETABS software, applying both Equivalent Static Method (ESM) and Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) as per IS 1893:2016. The effect of shear wall positioning on fundamental time period, base shear, displacement, torsional irregularity and diaphragm rotation was evaluated. Results showed that shear walls significantly enhance structural performance by reducing displacement, increasing base shear, and controlling torsional behavior when placed effectively. Improper or asymmetric wall placement, however, led to increased torsional amplification and irregular seismic responses. Among all models, those with shear walls aligned along both X and Y directions performed best in terms of seismic resistance. The study highlights the importance of optimal shear wall positioning in irregular RC buildings for enhancing seismic safety and structural efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Birendra Kumar Bohara, Deepak Bahadur Kunwar, Bhim Kunwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Performance-Based Seismic Analysis and Design of a Mid-Rise RC Guest House in a High Seismic Zone of Indonesia
This study presents the seismic-resistant structural design of a 3-storey guest house with a roof garden, located in Surabaya, Indonesia, an area classified as Earthquake Zone 6. The building is designed using a Special Moment Resisting Frame System (SMRFS) as per SNI 1726:2019, which is appropriate for high seismic risk areas. The equivalent static lateral force method is employed for seismic analysis. Structural modeling and upper-structure design are performed using ETABS, while sub-structure components such as pile caps and foundations are analyzed manually and supported by PCA Column software. The structural elements are designed according to Indonesian codes, including SNI 2847:2019 for reinforced concrete, SNI 1727:2020 for minimum loads, and SNI 2052:2017 for steel reinforcement. The final design yields column dimensions ranging from 200×400 mm to 600×600 mm and beam dimensions from 250×400 mm to 350×700 mm, with slab thicknesses of 120 mm and 150 mm. The results confirm that the structure meets strength, stiffness, and ductility requirements. This research ensures compliance with national standards while enhancing structural safety in high seismic zones.
Copyright (c) 2025 Harto Nurbian, Agyanata Tua Munthe, Syafwandi, Agung Sumarno (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Advances in Prefabricated Concrete Technology for Modern Infrastructure
The demand for rapid, cost-effective, and sustainable infrastructure solutions has driven significant advancements in prefabricated concrete technology over the past decade. This study explores recent innovations in the design, production, and implementation of prefabricated concrete components within modern infrastructure projects, including bridges, buildings, and transportation systems. Emphasis is placed on modular construction techniques, high-performance materials, digital fabrication methods, and connection systems that enhance structural efficiency, durability, and construction speed. Case studies from urban infrastructure developments illustrate how prefabrication reduces construction time, minimizes on-site labor, improves quality control, and decreases environmental impact through material optimization and waste reduction. Furthermore, the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and automation in precast fabrication facilities has streamlined the design-to-production workflow, enabling greater precision and customization. The paper concludes that prefabricated concrete technology plays a pivotal role in addressing the growing infrastructure needs of rapidly urbanizing societies while supporting the global transition toward more sustainable construction practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fenti Niatman Zega, Michael Macarona (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Life Cycle Assessment of Bridge Infrastructure Materials
The environmental impact of infrastructure development has become a critical concern in sustainable engineering practices, particularly in large-scale projects such as bridge construction. This study presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of commonly used bridge infrastructure materials—including concrete, steel, and composite systems—across their entire lifespan from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal. Using ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards as the methodological foundation, the assessment evaluates global warming potential (GWP), embodied energy, and environmental toxicity across four bridge design scenarios. Data were collected from regional suppliers and international LCA databases to ensure accuracy and relevance. Results indicate that material selection significantly influences the overall carbon footprint and energy consumption of bridge structures. Steel-intensive designs showed higher GWP during production but offered advantages in recyclability, whereas concrete exhibited lower initial emissions but higher long-term maintenance impacts. Composite systems demonstrated potential for both structural efficiency and reduced environmental impact when optimized. The study emphasizes the importance of early-stage material decisions and supports the integration of LCA tools into bridge design workflows to enhance sustainability in civil infrastructure development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iman Niat Kurniawati Gulo, Arinta Primandini Aulia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Structural Analysis of Tall Buildings Under Wind and Seismic Loads
Seismic performance evaluation of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures is essential to assess their safety and resilience against earthquake loading. Among nonlinear static procedures, pushover analysis has emerged as a practical and widely accepted method for estimating the seismic capacity of building structures. This study aims to assess the seismic performance of RC moment-resisting frames through pushover analysis based on the capacity curve. A mid-rise RC frame model was developed and analyzed using ETABS software, subjected to gradually increasing lateral static loads until structural failure occurred. The analysis focused on lateral displacement behavior, internal force distribution, and performance level evaluation based on FEMA 356 and ATC-40 criteria. The results indicate that the structure generally performs within Immediate Occupancy (IO) to Life Safety (LS) performance levels depending on the applied lateral load. The formation of plastic hinges was predominantly concentrated in beams and lower-level columns, exhibiting typical ductile behavior. This research confirms the value of pushover analysis as an effective and cost-efficient tool to identify structural weaknesses and inform seismic retrofitting strategies in vulnerable RC frame buildings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ugochukwu Kamalu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Study on the Effect of Geopolymer Concrete in Reducing Carbon Footprint
The construction industry is one of the largest contributors to global CO₂ emissions, primarily due to the production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). In recent years, geopolymer concrete (GPC) has emerged as a promising sustainable alternative, utilizing industrial by-products such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) to replace traditional cement. This study investigates the effectiveness of geopolymer concrete in reducing the carbon footprint of concrete production without compromising structural performance. A series of experimental tests were conducted to compare the mechanical and environmental properties of GPC with conventional OPC concrete, including compressive strength, durability under aggressive environments, and total embodied carbon emissions. Results showed that geopolymer concrete achieved comparable or superior compressive strength values at 28 days, particularly when heat curing was applied. Furthermore, a significant reduction of up to 80% in CO₂ emissions was observed, depending on the source material and mix design. The study confirms that geopolymer concrete has strong potential to be adopted in both structural and non-structural applications, particularly in regions with abundant industrial waste materials. It is recommended as a key strategy in decarbonizing the construction sector while meeting performance and durability requirements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Darshan Rasikbhai Sorathiya, Parikshit Khoker, Rishabh Sain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Frames Using Pushover Analysis
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhraneel Saha, Aditya Pandey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0